Strawberries should be grown in fertile, loose neutral or slightly acidic loam. It is not suitable for cultivation in soils that are too sticky. The soil is fertilized, water is poured, and strawberries can be grown. According to the growth characteristics of strawberries, the use of under-film drip irrigation technology for strawberry planting will have significant yield-increasing benefits. It is an important technical guarantee for high-yield, high-yield and high-efficiency strawberry production in greenhouses. Drip irrigation not only has the advantages of water saving, energy saving, and dehumidification. At the same time, it can also adjust the microclimate, improve the growth environment of strawberries, and combine topdressing with fertilization and pesticide application.
Selection of drip irrigation capillary. For densely planted crops such as vegetables, the roots have a small development range and are very sensitive to the supply of water and nutrients. The density of the dripper is required to be large, and the amount of capillary tubes is large. Therefore, the drip irrigation belt with lower price is used to effectively reduce the drip irrigation cost. It is reliable in operation and easy to install and use.
The arrangement of drip irrigation under the membrane. Before drip irrigation into the shed, the ridge should be erected, the ridge width is 40 cm, the height is 10-15 cm, and the middle double low ridge is made. The drip irrigation belt is placed in the middle low depression of the double high ridge, and the ridge is covered with mulch. . The center distance of the double ridges is generally 1 meter, so the spacing of the drip irrigation tubes is 1 meter. Each length of the drip irrigation capillary is generally equal to the length of the shed, and sometimes two vegetables are required for the large amount of water. The length of the branch pipe is generally equal to the length of the shed. Install a fertilizing device and a secondary mesh filter at the head of the branch pipe.
In order to achieve the best effect of strawberry drip irrigation,the design,installation and management must be standardized.It is not possible to remove the filter facilities and punch holes at any position. Strawberries under the greenhouse,the mesh inside the filter should be cleaned frequently, and the filter should be replaced if it is damaged. The drip pipe network should be found to promptly open the plug for flushing.
The principle of dripping should follow the principle of “wet without drying, dry without drought”, depending on the water demand of each growing season of strawberries. The relative humidity of the soil is kept at 50%-60%. 80% of strawberry roots are distributed in the soil layer 15 cm below the surface, and the topsoil is very easy to dry, so the drip should be a small number of times.
The watermelon irrigated by drip irrigation reduces the humidity in the shed, reduces the watermelon disease, improves the soil ecological environment, loosens the soil, increases the water content, and develops the root system of the watermelon. The final fruit commodity rate increased by more than 15%, the quality of watermelon pulp was also improved, and the total yield was improved. According to statistics, the scientific application of watermelon cultivation with drip irrigation technology has reached 5600kg/667 square meters, and the yield increased production by 23.8%.
Watermelon planting should choose fertile soil, less weeds, and the planting ground should be kept as flat as possible to avoid excessive height difference, and the soil of 3 to 5 years without planting melon crops to grow watermelon.Drip irrigation should also pay attention to the selection of sub-seepage and infiltration capacity, good drainage to facilitate the emergence and root growth, and rationally arrange the planting structure of crops in the nearby plots, to avoid the phenomenon of water demand during the peak period of crop water demand.
The water pipeline required for drip irrigation is the passage that directs the water from the water supply to the drip irrigation area. For watermelon drip irrigation, it is generally three-stage, namely dry pipe, branch pipe and drip irrigation capillary. The flow rate of the capillary dripper is 4L/h, the distance between dripper is 30cm, and the mulch film of 90cm width is used. One drip irrigation capillary tube is placed in each film, and the distance between adjacent two capillary tubes is 2.6m, and the dosage is 260m/667m2. For sandy soil plots with weak lateral water diffusion capacity and strong vertical infiltration capability, a membrane and two-tube pipe-laying method is adopted, and the irrigation effect is better.
When installing, the capillary tube is directly installed on the branch pipe, and the branch pipe is connected to the main pipe or directly connected to the water source system. To use a clean water source, there must be no suspended solids in the water, otherwise an internet filter should be added to prevent rust and sediment. The filter is filtered by a gauze of 8 to 10 mesh. When conditions permit, a pressure gauge valve and a fertilizer mixing tank (volume 0.5 to 1 m3) are installed. The capillary tube is generally arranged in parallel with the planting row, and the branch pipe is perpendicular to the planting row. The main pipe is perpendicular to the branch pipe, parallel to the capillary pipe, and the main pipe should be buried 80 cm deep. The connection between the drip irrigation capillary and the branch pipe is a three-way connection. When connecting with a three-way, punch the hole in the upper part of the branch pipe, press the button three-way, and connect the capillary at both ends. When using the ordinary three-way, the size of the water outlet hole must be adjusted or the valve tee should be used to ensure that the water from each drip irrigation tube is even.
Before laying, fully consider the water control area of each supervisor. If the control area is too large, the pressure will be insufficient, and the amount of water supplied within the rated time will not reach the specified water level; if the area is too small, the pressure will be too large, and drip irrigation will be The capillary tube is easy to burst.
Watermelon drip irrigation is a low-pressure irrigation. The pressure required for normal dripping is 0.01 to 0.2 MPa. If the pressure is too high, the hose may be broken. If the pressure is too small, the dripping may be uneven. When there is no pressure gauge, it can be judged from the operation of the drip capillary. If the capillary is approximately circular and the sound of the water is not large, the pressure is considered appropriate. If the capillary is too tight, the water sound is too loud, indicating that the pressure is too high and should be adjusted to prevent the capillary from rupturing. If the capillary is flat, the pressure is too small and should be pressurized.
During the growth period, watermelon should strengthen the prevention and control of pests and diseases, especially for the prevention and control of watermelon root diseases such as blight, it must be carried out for 5-6 years, so as to ensure the yield.
Beets are different from grass crops. It mainly relies on the high yield of roots, the roots are hypertrophy, the roots are developed, the water demand is high, and the biological yield is high. The physical and chemical properties of the soil are more stringent. Neutral, slightly alkaline (pH 6.5-7.5) soil should be chosen, the terrain is flat, the soil layer is deep, loose and fertile, the organic matter content is high, and irrigation and drainage are convenient.
According to the soil texture, the pipe laying method of 1 membrane or 1 membrane and 1 tube can be selected, and the seeding, pipe laying and film coating can be completed at one time. Drip irrigation pipe should be relaxed and smooth as far as possible, naturally smooth, not too tight and twisted, fixed every 3 to 5 meters of compacted soil, and then covered.
The film is required to use a film having a thickness of 0.005 to 0.008 mm and a width of 90 cm. The film should be tightly laid and flattened so that the film is close to the ridge surface, and a soil belt is pressed every 2 to 3 meters to prevent the wind from uncovering the film. Dry sowing and drying technology is adopted. Immediately after the sowing, the drip irrigation branch pipe, the spoke pipe and the linking capillary tube are arranged to ensure the normal operation of the drip irrigation pipe network. Immediately after the pipe network is set up, the water is dripped immediately. The first dripping water is determined according to the soil condition.
It is necessary to carefully check the drip irrigation belt, and find that the drip, run, and the phenomenon of the drip, timely replenishment, the drip period must be kept in check, the film surface wet printing is appropriate, to prevent water accumulation.
When the sugar beet is suitable for topdressing, when the plant grows 8 to 10 leaves, the urea and potassium sulfate to be applied are put into the fertilization tank, and the drip is combined with drip irrigation. Beet is a crop that requires more water. During the whole period of growth, it is drip-filled 3 to 5 times according to soil moisture, weather and water demand rules at different periods. Beet seedlings require less water, and in the absence of water, they should be seedlings.
The drip irrigation of the head water can promote the root system. Generally, at noon, the leaves are wilting and the night returns to normal. The optimal drip irrigation time is 4 to 6 hours per dripping time. During the accumulation of sugar, the amount of drip irrigation should be controlled. If there is too much water in the later stage, a large number of new leaves are easily formed and the sugar content is lowered. Drip irrigation should be stopped 10 to 15 days before harvest.
When most of the leaves of the beet turn yellow, the outer leaves are dead, the leaves are scattered, and the leaves are drooping and shiny, the root weight and sugar content reach the highest level and should be harvested in time. The drip tube and the branch and the auxiliary tube should be taken back and stored before harvesting, and the mulch film should be removed from the sugar beet. In order to facilitate the mechanical extraction of sugar beets, reduce pollution, so as to dig, pick up, with the cutting, with the shipment.
Every growth processof apple trees is closely related to water. Therefore, timely and proper water supply is an important measure to ensure the normal metabolism of apple trees and high yield and quality. Insufficient or insufficient water supply will weaken the tree and cause serious damage to fallen leaves, rotten roots and trees. Insufficient soil moisture can significantly affect the rate of fruit set. Summer drought affects the growth of fruit trees and the formation of flower buds. Drought in autumn affects the level of nutrient accumulation in trees. However, excessive rain in autumn can easily cause new shoots to grow. The nutrient accumulation in the tree is less enriched and the ability to overwinter is reduced. Therefore, apple tree irrigation is especially important.
Drip irrigation is carried out by using a set of special equipment (pressure that can be pressurized by a water pump or using the pressure generated by the topographical drop), and then through the various water supply networks (including the main pipe, branch pipe, capillary tube and gate valve) to the dripper. The head is slowly dripped directly into the rhizosphere soil of the crop. After the water drops into the soil, a small saturated zone is formed under the dripper by means of vertical force infiltration, and then gradually spreads to the developed areas of the crop roots. Therefore, drip irrigation has many advantages: water saving is 1/2 of the amount of sprinkler irrigation, which is 1/3 or even less than the amount of ground irrigation; no land preparation is required; fruit trees have good growth results, high yield, excellent quality; management and labor saving, high efficiency .
Applying this technology on Apple can increase production by 35-60%. Drip irrigation technology can expand the irrigation area of water source (well spring, river, pond, etc.) and reduce the development cost of water source per unit irrigation area, which is of great significance to water-deficient areas and expensive water sources.
The configuration of the drip irrigation system can generally be used to lay 1 capillary tube between the fruit villages. The dripper with a flow rate of 4 liters/hour is installed every 1 meter on the capillary tube. The dense plantation can be placed at a distance of 0.5 meters before and after the fruit tree. head. In the general orchard, one drip is placed at 1 meter on both sides of the tree: the result tree has 4 drip heads per plant (1 m from the trunk); the tree or sticky soil can be increased by 5-6.
Apple drip irrigation system: The appropriate humidity control in the field is about 70% of the water holding capacity in the field. The dripping water is 1 time before flowering, the plant dropping 0.03-0.04 cubic meters; the dripping water is 1~2 times in the flowering stage, the plant drops 0.08-0.17 cubic meters; the fruit is swollen. The drip water is 5-8 times, the plant drops 0.15-0.2-cubic meter; the dripping water is 1 time in the mature period, the plant drops 0.02-0.05 cubic meters, the drip irrigation quota is 40-50 cubic meters/mu, under the condition of no rain, two dripping water The interval is 3-4 days. When using drip irrigation, care should be taken to purify the water and prevent the dripper from clogging. It is filtered with a 80-100 mesh nylon sieve water filter made of polyvinyl chloride. The dripper should be cleaned and overhauled frequently.
At present, more than 2.05 meters wide mulch is used in the production, and three or six rows of cotton are planted on the film. The use of a three-tube membrane is more conducive to the advantages of drip irrigation technology. If the soil is sandy, it is necessary to use a membrane and three tubes.
The water requirement rules of cotton during each growth period: less seedling stage and bud stage, more flowering and bolling period, and less need after boll opening. During sowing and emergence, the water in the 2Ocm soil layer should be about 70% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field; the water consumption in the seedling stage accounts for less than 15% of the total water consumption, and the daily water consumption intensity is 0.5-1.5m3/mu; The water consumption accounts for 12%-20%, the daily water consumption intensity is 1.5-2.0m3/mu; during the flowering and boll period, the water consumption accounts for 45%-65%, and the daily water consumption intensity is 2.5-3.0m3/mu; after the boll opening, The daily water consumption is less than 2m3/mu, and the water consumption accounts for 10%-20%.
Irrigation problem
Drip irrigation according to water supply conditions and cotton growth. The first drip irrigation time should be determined according to the situation: after sowing, the soil moisture in the field is insufficient, and the cotton should be drip irrigation in time. In the absence of a dry phase, the excessively strong cotton fields should be postponed to the drip irrigation in the Shengli period. Generally, the cotton fields can start drip irrigation in the early stage. The amount of drip irrigation should be sufficient for the first time, usually around 30 square meters. Irrid once in the next 7-10 days, and the flowering and bolling period is drip once every 7 days in the middle and late July. Irrigation 9-11 times during the growing period. Machine picking cotton generally stops in late August.
Advantages of drip irrigation
The cotton drip irrigation technology fully reflects the controllability of field irrigation. The variable irrigation land is a crop. Low pressure, small volume and multiple water supply can avoid deep leakage and limit the evaporation of roots between crops. In short, drip irrigation technology has been widely applied and applied so far. Compared with conventional seeding technology, the advantages are very obvious, which not only reduces the amount of seed used, but also reduces the labor intensity, frees more people from heavy labor and plays cotton. The effect of increasing production and increasing income, especially in the case of lower prices of new cotton purchases, the high yield and good quality of cotton planted by drip irrigation technology has largely offset the unfavorable factors brought about by the increase in agricultural prices and the lower purchase price.
Drip irrigation under the membrane changes the humidity in the field, and the damage of the field aphids and red spiders occurs early and heavy. It is necessary to pay attention to the occurrence of the field and timely spray control.
Fruit tree drip irrigation is a special equipment that filters pressurized water (pressure that can be pressurized by the water pump or use the topographical drop) and pass through the various water distribution networks (including the main pipe ,supervisor, branch pipe, capillary tube and the gate valve, etc.) to the dripper, the water is dripped directly from the dripper into the rhizosphere soil of the crop. After the water drops into the soil, a small saturated zone is formed under the dripper by means of vertical force infiltration, and then gradually spreads to the developed areas of the crop roots.The drip irrigation technology uses a series of plastic pipes with different calibers to directly transport water and fertilizer dissolved in water from the water source to the root of the crop through the pressure pipeline. The water and fertilizer are supplied at regular intervals as needed.
Introduction of composition
The drip irrigation system consists of four parts: water source engineering, first hub (including water pump, power machine, filter, fertilizer injection device, measurement and control instrument), water distribution pipeline at all levels and full head, etc. The main components of the system are as follows.
1.Power and pressure equipment. These include pumps, electric motors or diesel engines and other power machinery. These devices are the power and flow source for micro-irrigation systems, except for self-pressure systems.
2.Water purification equipment. There are sedimentation tanks, primary trash racks, swirling splitter splitters, screen filters and media filters. A combination can be selected according to the water quality conditions of the water source. The main function of the screen filter is to filter out suspended matter in the irrigation water to ensure that the entire system, especially the dripper, is not blocked. Screens are made of nylon or corrosion-resistant wire.
The size of the mesh depends on the size of the dirt particles to be filtered. Generally, the sediment of 75 microns in diameter is removed. A 200-mesh screen is required. The gravel filter is made by washing and sorting sand gravel and sand, and is filled into the metal cylinder in a certain order. It has good filtering effect on various organic or organic sewage and suspended algae. . The cyclone splitter splitter separates the sand with a specific gravity greater than water from the water by centrifugal force, but does not remove the organic matter.
3.The water flows from the capillary into the dripper, which injects the irrigation water into the soil at a certain working pressure. It is the heart of the drip irrigation system. The water is dripped or exuded through a dripper at a constant low flow rate and diffused in the soil in the form of a non-saturated stream under the dripper. At present, the dripper used in the actual drip irrigation project mainly includes two types of dripper and drip irrigation belt.
4.Fertilizer and pesticide injection devices and containers. Including differential pressure fertiliser, venturi injector, diaphragm or piston injection pump, fertilizer or pesticide solution storage tank. It must be installed in front of the filter to prevent the last dissolved fertilizer particles from clogging the dripper. There are three ways to inject fertilizer: one is to use a small pump to hydraulically feed the fertilizer into the main pipe; the other is to use the pressure difference caused by the flow regulating valve on the pipe to inject the fertilizer into the main pipe; the third is the jet. injection.
5.Control and measurement equipment. Including water meters and pressure gauges, various manual, mechanical or electric operated gate valves, such as hydraulic automatic control valves, flow regulators, etc.
The dripper is the core of the drip irrigation system and meets the following requirements：
1.There is a relatively low and stable flow rate within a certain pressure range, and the outlet flow rate of each dripper should be between 2 and 8 liters/hour. The flow path of the dripper is small, the diameter is generally less than 2 mm, and the precision of the flow channel manufacturing is also high.
The small flow path difference will have a great influence on the outflow capacity of the dripper.At the same time, the frictional resistance of the water flow in the flow of the capillary reduces the pressure of the water flow, thereby reducing the flow rate of the tip dripper. In order to ensure sufficient irrigation uniformity of the drip irrigation system,the flow difference in the system is generally limited to 10%.
2.Large flow cross section In order to generate a large pressure loss and a small flow rate at the dripper section, the minimum dimension of the water flow passage section varies between 0.3 and 1.0 mm. Due to the small flow path of the dripper, it is easy to cause blockage of the flow path. If the dripper flow path is increased, the flow path needs to be lengthened. For this purpose, various drip devices have been developed.
Introduction to the classification and characteristics of the dripper
1.According to the connection method of the dripper and the capillary tube
Inter-tube dripper: Install the emitter in the middle of the two-stage capillary so that the dripper itself becomes part of the capillary. For example, a barbed joint at both ends of a tubular dripper is inserted into a two-stage capillary tube, so that most of the water flows through the body cavity of the dripper to the next section of the capillary tube, and a small part of the water flows through the side hole in the dripper body. In the dripper flow channel, the dripper flows out after the flow channel is dissipated.
Tube Top Dripper: A dripper that is directly inserted into the wall of the capillary tube, such as a side-drip type dripper, an orifice type dripper, etc.
2.According to the energy dissipation method of the dripper
Long-flow type energy-dissipating dripper: The long-flow type energy-dissipating dripper mainly relies on the frictional energy between the water flow and the flow channel wall to adjust the amount of water discharged from the dripper, such as micro-tubes, internal threads and labyrinths. Tube type dripper, etc., all belong to the long-flow type energy-dissipating dripper.
Pressure-compensated dripper: The pressure-compensated dripper changes the shape of the elastomer component or the flow channel by the pressure of the water flow, so that the surface area of the water-passing section changes, and the dripper flow is small and stable. The significant advantage of the pressure-compensated dripper is that it can automatically adjust the water output and self-cleaning, and the uniformity of the effluent is high, but the manufacturing is more complicated.
Drip irrigation or drip irrigation drip: The dripper and the hair control are integrated. The tube (or belt) with both water distribution and dripping function is called drip irrigation tube (or drip irrigation belt). According to the structure of the drip irrigation pipe (belt), it can be divided into two types: the inner drip irrigation pipe and the thin wall drip irrigation zone .
Installation method
The configuration of the drip irrigation system can generally be to lay a capillary tube between the rows of fruit villages. The dripper with a flow rate of 4 liters/hour is installed at intervals of 1 meter on the capillary tube. The dense planting garden can be placed at a distance of 0.5 meters before and after the fruit trees. head. In general, the orchard will have 1 dripper or 1 dripper around the plant at 1 meter on both sides of the tree before the result (1 meter from the trunk), and 5 to 6 trees or sticky soil. In the absence of rain, the interval between two drippings is 3 to 4 days.
Precautions for using a drip tape
1.It is easy to block the pipe and dripper of drip irrigation, and the water quality is high, so the filter must be installed;
2.It is drip irrigation that cannot adjust the field microclimate. It is not suitable for irrigation during the freezing period. In the irrigation of vegetables, the drip irrigation system cannot be used to apply manure.
3.It is a high investment in drip irrigation, and it is necessary to consider the economic benefits of crops;
4.Burning of the drip irrigation belt Pay attention to compacting the mulch film when laying the drip irrigation belt so that the mulch film is as close as possible to the drip irrigation belt, and no space is created between the mulch film and the drip irrigation belt. Avoid the focus of sunlight formed by water droplets. Before planting, it is necessary to level the land and reduce the phenomenon of multiple pits. Prevent the clump of weeds from the soil to hold up the mulch, causing water vapor to form a lens effect under the mulch and burn the drip irrigation belt. The drip irrigation belt can be buried while laying to avoid the focus burn.
When using drip irrigation, fruit trees should pay attention to purifying water quality, prevent dripper clogging, and filter with 80-100 mesh nylon sieve water filter made of PVC material that is not easy to rust. The dripper should be cleaned and overhauled frequently.
https://pky-dripirrigation.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/guoshu3-1.jpg574431linda liuhttps://pky-dripirrigation.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/logo.pnglinda liu2019-01-24 06:44:302019-01-29 02:40:41Fruit tree drip irrigation case
Drip irrigation is a water-saving and efficient irrigation technology which has developed rapidly in recent years. Drip irrigation is a method of slowly transferring water to crop root zone by dripping. In the past, drip irrigation mostly used microtubular drippers, one end of which was fixed on the branch pipe of the water pipeline and the other end was placed near the root zone of the crop. Because this kind of micro-tube emitter is very thin, it is easy to clog, especially in many areas of northern China, the water quality is relatively hard, containing a large number of calcium and magnesium ions, which is prone to clogging; in addition, the uniformity of the emitter is poor. In recent years, plastic film ribbon hose has been used, which directly perforates the water, the water is more uniform, and easy to install, low cost, 1 – 2 years replacement, very suitable for vineyards.
The main advantages of drip irrigation in vineyards are:
1.Saving Water and Energy
Drip irrigation saves 30%-40% of water than furrow irrigation, thus saving energy consumption such as oil and electricity.
2. Drip irrigation has little effect on land use.
Temperature dropper irrigation water volume is less, and it is not a one-time irrigation in a short time, so the direct impact on ground temperature is small. Moreover, drip irrigation is to irrigate water in the underground root area, the amount of surface evaporation water is small, which reduces the heat consumption of soil evaporation. Therefore, the ground temperature of drip irrigation vineyards is generally higher than that of traditional surface irrigation, so grapes grow faster and mature earlier. This is more significant in protected cultivation.
3. Significant reduction of damage to soil structure
Drip irrigation is to supply water to the soil by drip infiltration, which will not cause damage to the soil structure.
4. Reducing Air Humidity
The relative humidity of air around the vineyard canopy decreases by about 10% compared with surface irrigation, which greatly reduces the occurrence and spread of diseases and pests.
5. Reduction of some diseases transmitted by irrigation water
Especially the chances of transmission and reinfection of root cancers.
6. Drip irrigation combined with topdressing fertilizer and pesticide application improves labor productivity
Applying facility fertilizer device to drip irrigation system, fertilizer is sent to the root zone along with irrigation water, which not only saves fertilizer, but also improves fertilizer efficiency and saves fertilizer applicators. Some pesticides used for soil disinfection and root application can also be applied to soil through drip irrigation, thus saving labor costs and improving the effect of medication.
7. Irrigation saves labour and labour
Drip irrigation is a semi-automatic mechanical irrigation method. When installed drip irrigation equipment is used, it can be self-irrigation as long as the valve is opened and the appropriate pressure is adjusted.
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Flow: 1) The amount of water available for the drip system expressed in gallons per hour (GPH) or gallons per minute (GPM). Flow is a determining factor in how many plants (or how large an area) can be watered at one time.
2) The total amount of water moving through the system as it exits emission devices.
Pressure: Measured in pounds per square inch, or PSI, the pressure is the force pushing the flow of water. Your pressure can be determined by using a pressure gauge.
Constant Pressure: In a drip irrigation system, the condition that occurs when the spigot or valve is left open, leaving any downstream devices-timers, filters, regulators, tubing, fittings, and emitters-under constant pressure.
Dynamic Pressure: The fluctuating pressure that occurs within a drip irrigation system when valves are opened and closed and emitters turned on and off.
Water Source: Where the water originates. This can be a municipal system, a well, a pond, spring, or stream.
Filter: A device used to remove particles from the water that might otherwise clog your emitters. Many water sources, especially municipal systems, are relatively free of debris. However, we still recommend filtration to ensure consistent, trouble-free operation of your system.
Zoning: The division of a drip irrigation system into areas that require similar watering rates or that would exceed the available flow of the system if watered together.
Mainline: Polyethylene tubing used to carry water from your water source to and throughout your drip system.
Branch Line: Polyethylene tubing that attaches to the mainline to bring water to an individual plant or to a zone. Branch tubing is generally ¼” or ½” tubing.
Pressure Compensating: (PC) Emitters distribute water equally throughout the whole system regardless of row length (within limits) and elevation changes. PC products are available in drippers, sprayers, or sprinklers
https://pky-dripirrigation.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/logo.png00adminhttps://pky-dripirrigation.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/logo.pngadmin2019-01-18 10:10:332019-01-18 10:19:20Glossary of drip irrigation
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Fruit tree drip irrigation is a special equipment that filters pressurized water (pressure that can be pressurized by the water pump or use the topographical drop) and pass through the various water distribution networks (including the main pipe ,supervisor, branch pipe, capillary tube and the gate valve, etc.) to the dripper, the water is dripped directly from the dripper into the rhizosphere soil of the crop. After the water drops into the soil, a small saturated zone is formed under the dripper by means of vertical force infiltration, and then gradually spreads to the developed areas of the crop roots.
The drip irrigation technology uses a series of plastic pipes with different calibers to directly transport water and fertilizer dissolved in water from the water source to the root of the crop through the pressure pipeline. The water and fertilizer are supplied at regular intervals as needed.
Introduction of composition
The drip irrigation system consists of four parts: water source engineering, first hub (including water pump, power machine, filter, fertilizer injection device, measurement and control instrument), water distribution pipeline at all levels and full head, etc. The main components of the system are as follows.
1.Power and pressure equipment. These include pumps, electric motors or diesel engines and other power machinery. These devices are the power and flow source for micro-irrigation systems, except for self-pressure systems.
2.Water purification equipment. There are sedimentation tanks, primary trash racks, swirling splitter splitters, screen filters and media filters. A combination can be selected according to the water quality conditions of the water source. The main function of the screen filter is to filter out suspended matter in the irrigation water to ensure that the entire system, especially the dripper, is not blocked. Screens are made of nylon or corrosion-resistant wire.
The size of the mesh depends on the size of the dirt particles to be filtered. Generally, the sediment of 75 microns in diameter is removed. A 200-mesh screen is required. The gravel filter is made by washing and sorting sand gravel and sand, and is filled into the metal cylinder in a certain order. It has good filtering effect on various organic or organic sewage and suspended algae. . The cyclone splitter splitter separates the sand with a specific gravity greater than water from the water by centrifugal force, but does not remove the organic matter.
3.The water flows from the capillary into the dripper, which injects the irrigation water into the soil at a certain working pressure. It is the heart of the drip irrigation system. The water is dripped or exuded through a dripper at a constant low flow rate and diffused in the soil in the form of a non-saturated stream under the dripper. At present, the dripper used in the actual drip irrigation project mainly includes two types of dripper and drip irrigation belt.
4.Fertilizer and pesticide injection devices and containers. Including differential pressure fertiliser, venturi injector, diaphragm or piston injection pump, fertilizer or pesticide solution storage tank. It must be installed in front of the filter to prevent the last dissolved fertilizer particles from clogging the dripper.
There are three ways to inject fertilizer: one is to use a small pump to hydraulically feed the fertilizer into the main pipe; the other is to use the pressure difference caused by the flow regulating valve on the pipe to inject the fertilizer into the main pipe; the third is the jet. injection.
5.Control and measurement equipment. Including water meters and pressure gauges, various manual, mechanical or electric operated gate valves, such as hydraulic automatic control valves, flow regulators, etc.
6.Safety protection devices such as pressure reducing valves, intake and exhaust valves, check valves, drain valves, etc.
Introduction of two drops of water
The dripper is the core of the drip irrigation system and meets the following requirements：
1.There is a relatively low and stable flow rate within a certain pressure range, and the outlet flow rate of each dripper should be between 2 and 8 liters/hour. The flow path of the dripper is small, the diameter is generally less than 2 mm, and the precision of the flow channel manufacturing is also high. The small flow path difference will have a great influence on the outflow capacity of the dripper.At the same time, the frictional resistance of the water flow in the flow of the capillary reduces the pressure of the water flow, thereby reducing the flow rate of the tip dripper.
In order to ensure sufficient irrigation uniformity of the drip irrigation system,the flow difference in the system is generally limited to 10%.
2.Large flow cross section In order to generate a large pressure loss and a small flow rate at the dripper section, the minimum dimension of the water flow passage section varies between 0.3 and 1.0 mm. Due to the small flow path of the dripper, it is easy to cause blockage of the flow path. If the dripper flow path is increased, the flow path needs to be lengthened. For this purpose, various drip devices have been developed.
Introduction to the classification and characteristics of the dripper
According to the connection method of the dripper and the capillary tube
1.Inter-tube dripper: Install the emitter in the middle of the two-stage capillary so that the dripper itself becomes part of the capillary. For example, a barbed joint at both ends of a tubular dripper is inserted into a two-stage capillary tube, so that most of the water flows through the body cavity of the dripper to the next section of the capillary tube, and a small part of the water flows through the side hole in the dripper body. In the dripper flow channel, the dripper flows out after the flow channel is dissipated.
2.Tube Top Dripper: A dripper that is directly inserted into the wall of the capillary tube, such as a side-drip type dripper, an orifice type dripper, etc.
According to the energy dissipation method of the dripper
1.Long-flow type energy-dissipating dripper: The long-flow type energy-dissipating dripper mainly relies on the frictional energy between the water flow and the flow channel wall to adjust the amount of water discharged from the dripper, such as micro-tubes, internal threads and labyrinths. Tube type dripper, etc.
2.Orifice energy-dissipating dripper: a dripper that dissipates energy by local head loss caused by orifice outflow, such as orifice type dripper and porous capillary tube, all belong to orifice type dripper.
3.Vortex energy-dissipating dripper: the water flows into the edge of the flow chamber of the dripper, and a low-pressure zone is generated in the center of the vortex, so that the pressure at the outlet of the center is low, and thus the discharge flow of the dripper is small. The flow rate of a well-designed vortex drip is less sensitive to changes in working pressure.
4.Pressure-compensated dripper: The pressure-compensated dripper changes the shape of the elastomer component or the flow channel by the pressure of the water flow, so that the surface area of the water-passing section changes, and the dripper flow is small and stable. The significant advantage of the pressure-compensated dripper is that it can automatically adjust the water output and self-cleaning, and the uniformity of the effluent is high, but the manufacturing is more complicated.
5.Drip irrigation or drip irrigation drip: The dripper and the hair control are integrated. The tube (or belt) with both water distribution and dripping function is called drip irrigation tube (or drip irrigation belt). According to the structure of the drip irrigation pipe (belt), it can be divided into two types: the inner drip irrigation pipe and the thin wall drip irrigation zone .
Installation method
The configuration of the drip irrigation system can generally be to lay a capillary tube between the rows of fruit villages. The dripper with a flow rate of 4 liters/hour is installed at intervals of 1 meter on the capillary tube. The dense planting garden can be placed at a distance of 0.5 meters before and after the fruit trees. head. In general, the orchard will have 1 dripper or 1 dripper around the plant at 1 meter on both sides of the tree before the result (1 meter from the trunk), and 5 to 6 trees or sticky soil. In the absence of rain, the interval between two drippings is 3 to 4 days.
Precautions for using a drip tape
1.It is easy to block the pipe and dripper of drip irrigation, and the water quality is high, so the filter must be installed;
2.It is drip irrigation that cannot adjust the field microclimate. It is not suitable for irrigation during the freezing period. In the irrigation of vegetables, the drip irrigation system cannot be used to apply manure.
3.It is a high investment in drip irrigation, and it is necessary to consider the economic benefits of crops;
4.Burning of the drip irrigation belt Pay attention to compacting the mulch film when laying the drip irrigation belt so that the mulch film is as close as possible to the drip irrigation belt, and no space is created between the mulch film and the drip irrigation belt.
Avoid the focus of sunlight formed by water droplets. Before planting, it is necessary to level the land and reduce the phenomenon of multiple pits. Prevent the clump of weeds from the soil to hold up the mulch, causing water vapor to form a lens effect under the mulch and burn the drip irrigation belt. The drip irrigation belt can be buried while laying to avoid the focus burn.
When using drip irrigation, fruit trees should pay attention to purifying water quality, prevent dripper clogging, and filter with 80-100 mesh nylon sieve water filter made of PVC material that is not easy to rust. The dripper should be cleaned and overhauled frequently.
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Drip irrigation is a relatively easy way to achieve water and fertilizer integration of crop irrigation. The water and fertilizer can be evenly transported to the roots of the plants through the dripper. Drip irrigation has the advantages of water saving and fertilizer saving, saving medicine and labor, high quality and high efficiency. The application of drip fertigation technology has a good effect in the greenhouse vegetable production. The following is a brief introduction to the method of drip irrigation and fertilization technology for tomato cultivation.
First. Drip irrigation and fertilization device
Planting 1 to 2 drip irrigation pipes per ridge in the greenhouse, the dripper is upward, and the distance between the drip heads is about 30 cm. The front end is equipped with a differential pressure fertilization tank or a venturi fertiliser and a mesh filter.
Second, drip irrigation and fertilization methods
The drip irrigation requires a small amount of multiple times, which is embodied in the timely drip irrigation after the planting, and the water volume is 20-25 cubic meters/mu to reduce the seedlings. In the seedling stage and flowering stage, no irrigation or drip irrigation is carried out 1 or 2 times, each irrigation is 6-10 cubic meters/mu, and each time adding fertilizer 3~5 kg/mu. From the fruit expansion period to the harvesting period, every 5 to 10 days, drip irrigation once every time, each irrigation 6~12 cubic meters / acre, each time adding fertilizer 4 ~ 6 kg / acre; depending on the growth of the tomato, you can add water and fertilizer once. Stop drip irrigation and fertilize 10 to 15 days before pulling.
Third, the specific method of operation
1. Fertilizer selection. To choose a water-soluble drip irrigation fertilizer, mixing with other fertilizers does not produce precipitation, and the drip irrigation system is less corrosive. The drip irrigation fertilizer is generally divided into homemade fertilizer and special fertilizer. The homemade fertilizer can be urea, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, white powder potassium chloride and the like. It is recommended to use special fertilizer for drip irrigation, which requires high nutrient content and contains trace elements. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is about 1.2:0.7:1.1 in the early stage, about 1.1:0.5:1.4 in the medium term, and about 1:0.3:1.7 in the later stage.
2. Fertilization operation. Dissolve the fertilizer in water first, stir it thoroughly, let it stand for a while, then pour the filtered fertilizer into the fertilization tank (barrel). Generally, the fertilizer is added after 20 to 30 minutes of irrigation, and the pressure difference type fertilization method generally takes 40 to 60 minutes to prevent uneven or insufficient fertilization.
3. Drip irrigation system maintenance. Continue to drip for 20 to 30 minutes after each fertilization to flush the tubing. After the system is running for one growing season, the drain valve at the lower part of the filter should be opened to clean the filter. After 3 to 5 times of drip fertigation, the end of the drip irrigation tube (belt) should be opened for washing.
The benefits of tomato drip irrigation technology:
1. Tomato drip irrigation belt accurately controls the amount of irrigation
One of the main benefits of using a drip tape for irrigation is that the drip tape can be precisely controlled in real time, which is especially important for tomatoes that require different amounts of water during the growth phase.
2, tomato drip irrigation belt can effectively reduce pests and diseases
When tomatoes are irrigated with traditional flood irrigation or sprinkler irrigation, the air humidity is high, and pests and diseases are prone to occur, resulting in reduced yield of tomatoes. The most irrigation in China, the tomato drip irrigation belt firstly transports water directly to the root of the plant, the surface wet area is small, the evaporation is small, and the valve can be switched in real time through various drip irrigation valves, so the tomato drip irrigation belt can effectively prevent the humidity from being over High pests and diseases. 3, tomato drip irrigation belt is easy to lay and recycle Tomatoes in two seasons a year, if planted in a greenhouse environment, more than a year, the pattern of multi-season planting environment may change, tomato drip irrigation belt can be recycled and re-layed, very conducive to management and use.
Pay attention to the following points when installing the drip irrigation system:
1. The hole in the drip irrigation belt is usually laid upwards and covered with the mulch film. If the film is not covered, the drip irrigation hole can be laid down;
2. When installing the irrigation system, install a filter to purify the water. Clean water can be installed without a filter.
3. Be careful not to scratch or puncture the drip tape or the supervisor during installation and field operations;
4. When not using the drip tape, keep the device in a cool place.
Reasonable irrigation methods and related irrigation parameters can effectively improve the utilization of irrigation water for crops, improve the growth characteristics of crops, and increase the yield increase.
The infinite growth type tomato variety grows vigorously, the leaves are dark green, the roots are developed, and the cold resistance is strong. When the temperature is low, the fruit is fast, the early maturity is good, the fruit is apple-shaped, pink, shiny, and the fruit weight is 280-320 g. The fruit is neat. The umbilical is beautiful, the hardness is good, the bracts are opened, the high fruit rate is high, the anti-TY virus, the gray leaf spot, the withering and other diseases are suitable, and it is suitable for wintering and early spring cultivation in the north.
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